Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Mouse and human microglial phenotypes in Alzheimer’s disease are controlled by amyloid plaque phagocytosis through Hif1α

doi: 10.1101/639054

Figure Lengend Snippet: a , Schematic of the methodology employed in this study . b , Representative immunofluorescence image of the hippocampus of WT and 5xFAD mice injected with Methoxy-XO4 and stained with Iba1 (AlexaFluor 488, n =6 animals per genotype), scale bar=250 μm, inset 50 μm c , Representative FACS plot (from n =12-19 animals per genotype and age group) showing that XO4 + microglia are present in 6m 5xFAD plaque-affected regions (top panels). d , left, the percentage of XO4 + microglia isolated from plaque-affected regions in 1, 4, and 6m old WT and 5xFAD mice, ( n = 12-19 per genotype and age group; male and female mice pooled) and right, the percentage of XO4 + microglia isolated from plaque-affected and non-affected regions in 6m old male and female WT and 5xFAD mice ( n = 6-8 per genotype), expressed as mean ± SEM. e , PCA of bulk RNA-seq. Cx, Cortex; Cb, Cerebellum f, g Gene cytometry plots showing genes that are differentially expressed between XO4 + and XO4 − microglia and/or genes that are differentially expressed between old (4, 6 month) and young (1 month) microglia. Gene scores are calculated as the product of the log fold change and –log 10 (FDR). Example genes in each quadrant are labelled in red (upregulated over time or phagocytosis) or blue (downregulated). h i , Venn diagram showing the overlap between genes whose expression levels could be explained by the age, region and XO4 covariate as well as GO and KEGG terms associated with XO4 covariate genes. h ii , table showing the 21 core microglial neurodegeneration signature genes and their direction of differential expression in DAM , CD11c + , MGnD and XO4 + microglia. i , heat map of targeted LC-SWATH-MS analysis of detected peptides within DEGs in n =3-5 biological replicates of WT (blue), XO4 − 5xFAD (orange) and XO4 + 5xFAD (green) microglia. j , comparison of RNA and protein expression for selected genes, and quantitation of a tryptic peptide in Aβ in microglia. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM log fold change compared to WT microglia, normalized relative to peptides in Supplementary table 2. p values in d and j were calculated by one-way ANOVA using Tukey’s multiple comparison test.

Article Snippet: The cell pellet was then stained with antibodies to microglial cell surface markers (CD11b-BV650, 1:200 Biolegend, #141723; CD45-BV786, 1:200, BD Biosciences #564225; CX3CR1-FITC, 1:100, Biolegend, #149019; CD11a, 1:20, BD Biosciences, #558191, TREM2-APC, 1:10, R&D Systems, #FAB17291N; CD33-PE, 1:20, eBioscience, #12-0331-82; CD115-BV711, 1:40, Biolegend, #135515) for isolation using the FACSAria™ III cell sorter.

Techniques: Immunofluorescence, Injection, Staining, Isolation, RNA Sequencing Assay, Cytometry, Expressing, Comparison, Quantitation Assay

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Mouse and human microglial phenotypes in Alzheimer’s disease are controlled by amyloid plaque phagocytosis through Hif1α

doi: 10.1101/639054

Figure Lengend Snippet: a , Dimensionality reduction representation (viSNE, representative of n =3 mice per genotype) of myeloid cells isolated from WT (top) and 5xFAD (bottom) 6m male mice. Microglia (CD11b + CD45 lo CX3CR1 + ) are colored for expression of CD11b, CD45, CX3CR1, Methoxy-XO4, CD115, CD33 and TREM2, whereas remaining myeloid cells are grayscale for clarity. b , PCA of 893 single cells x 1671 feature genes showing the distribution of cells from each FACS-sorted sample. c , PCA plot of single microglia colored by SC3 clusters and composition of automated clusters as a percentage of sequenced FACS-sorted cell populations. d . PCA plots for single microglia colored by expression of selected ageing microglia genes (i-ii), homeostatic (iii) and XO4 + signature genes (iv-v). e, f Diffusion maps pseudotime analysis of microglial populations ordered by their expression of e , ageing DEGs (6m WT v 24m WT, 42 DEGs) or f , phagocytic DEGs (6m 5xFAD XO4 − v 6m 5xFAD XO4 + , 474 DEGs) g , scatter plot showing the relationship between ageing and phagocytosing pseudotime in individual cells, and the density of cells at each point during the ageing (bottom) and phagocytosing (left) trajectories. h , Hierarchical clustering and heat map showing expression of the top 50 DEGs across the 4 SC3 clusters.

Article Snippet: The cell pellet was then stained with antibodies to microglial cell surface markers (CD11b-BV650, 1:200 Biolegend, #141723; CD45-BV786, 1:200, BD Biosciences #564225; CX3CR1-FITC, 1:100, Biolegend, #149019; CD11a, 1:20, BD Biosciences, #558191, TREM2-APC, 1:10, R&D Systems, #FAB17291N; CD33-PE, 1:20, eBioscience, #12-0331-82; CD115-BV711, 1:40, Biolegend, #135515) for isolation using the FACSAria™ III cell sorter.

Techniques: Isolation, Expressing, Diffusion-based Assay

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Mouse and human microglial phenotypes in Alzheimer’s disease are controlled by amyloid plaque phagocytosis through Hif1α

doi: 10.1101/639054

Figure Lengend Snippet: a-c UMAP projection of single microglia nuclei from control and AD patient frontal cortex, cases ( n =172 nuclei) and controls ( n =277 nuclei). The microglial population was determined by similarity to known microglial markers . The UMAP projection is colored by a , disease diagnosis b , XO4 + score c , or ageing signature score. Diffusion maps pseudotime analysis of microglial populations ordered by their expression of d , XO4 + DEGs (taking top 10% of respective DE genes regardless of overlap with aging DEGs, 167 DEGs between 5xFAD XO4 + and XO4 − mice) or e , ageing DEGs (top 10% or 167 DEGs between 24M WT and 6M WT mice). f , scatter plot showing the relationship between ageing and XO4 + pseudotime in individual cells and the density of cells at each point during the ageing (left) and XO4 + (bottom) trajectories. g , UMAP projection of single human microglia colored by expression of selected cluster specific-genes. h Hierarchical clustering and heat map showing expression of the overlapping DEGs in each of the 4 mouse microglia clusters with the DEGs between human control and AD microglia. The mouse-human concordance on the direction of change between control and AD (human) or WT and XO4 + populations is shown for each gene ( p =0.000641). i , SCENIC regulon analysis showing that Hif1a and Elf3 are predicted to control the XO4 + gene regulatory network. j , UMAP projection of single human microglia colored by HIF1A regulon activity. k , Fluorescently labeled synaptosome internalization by primary microglia transfected with GFP-tagged inducible HIF1A and/or ELF3 overexpression constructs. The data are presented as mean ± SEM and show the difference in synaptosome internalization between GFP + and GFP − (non-transfected) cells tested from within the same well.

Article Snippet: The cell pellet was then stained with antibodies to microglial cell surface markers (CD11b-BV650, 1:200 Biolegend, #141723; CD45-BV786, 1:200, BD Biosciences #564225; CX3CR1-FITC, 1:100, Biolegend, #149019; CD11a, 1:20, BD Biosciences, #558191, TREM2-APC, 1:10, R&D Systems, #FAB17291N; CD33-PE, 1:20, eBioscience, #12-0331-82; CD115-BV711, 1:40, Biolegend, #135515) for isolation using the FACSAria™ III cell sorter.

Techniques: Diffusion-based Assay, Expressing, Activity Assay, Labeling, Transfection, Over Expression, Construct

Journal: Nature Communications

Article Title: Transcriptional signature in microglia associated with Aβ plaque phagocytosis

doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-23111-1

Figure Lengend Snippet: a Schematic of the methodology employed in this study, created with BioRender.com. M, male, F, female, WT, wild-type, Cx, cortex and subcortical regions, Cb, cerebellum. b Representative immunofluorescence image of the hippocampus (HC) of WT and 5xFAD mice injected with methoxy-XO4 and stained with Iba1 (AlexaFluor 488, n = 6 animals per genotype), scale bar = 250 μm, inset 50 μm. c Representative FACS plot showing that XO4 + microglia are present in 6 m 5xFAD plaque-affected regions (top panels). d Left, the percentage of XO4 + microglia isolated from plaque-affected regions in 1, 4 and 6 m old WT (m, month) and 5xFAD mice (from n = 6 animals per genotype at 1 m; 4 m WT, n = 19 animals; 4 m 5xFAD, n = 22; 6 m WT, n = 14; 6 m 5xFAD n = 14) and right, the percentage of XO4 + microglia isolated from plaque-affected and non-affected regions in 6 m old male and female WT and 5xFAD mice (F, Cx, n = 8 per genotype; M, Cx, n = 6 per genotype; F, Cb, n = 4 per genotype; M, Cb, n = 3 per genotype), expressed as mean ± SEM, *** p = 0.003 and **** p = 4.6 × 10 −5 for 4 m, p = 9 × 10 −6 for 6 m, and p = 5.2 × 10 −5 for F Cx vs Cb by Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn’s multiple comparison tests. e PCA of bulk RNA-seq. Cx, Cortex; Cb, Cerebellum. f , g Gene cytometry plots showing DEGs between XO4 + and XO4 − microglia and/or DEGs expressed between old (4, 6 m) and young (1 m) microglia. Gene scores are calculated as the product of the LFC and –log 10 (FDR). Example genes in each quadrant are labelled in red (upregulated over time or phagocytosis) or blue (downregulated). Gene density low = 0, high = 0.2. h i Venn diagram showing the overlap between genes whose expression levels could be explained by the age, region and XO4 covariate as well as GO and KEGG terms associated with XO4 covariate genes. h ii Table showing the 21 core microglial neurodegeneration signature genes and their direction of differential expression in DAM , CD11c + , MGnD and XO4 + microglia. i Heatmap of targeted LC-SWATH-MS analysis of detected peptides within DEGs in biological replicates of WT (green, n = 4 animals), XO4 − 5xFAD (orange, n = 5) and XO4 + 5xFAD (blue, n = 4) microglia. Colour scale represents log 2 -transformed normalized fold changes compared to WT microglia. clustering method = ward.D2, distance = maximum. j Comparison of RNA and protein expression for selected genes, and quantitation of a tryptic peptide in Aβ in microglia. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM LFC compared to WT microglia, normalized relative to peptides in Supplementary Data . p -Values were calculated by one-way ANOVA using Holm-Sidak’s multiple comparison test. Data are from WT ( n = 4 animals), XO4 − 5xFAD ( n = 5), XO4 + 5xFAD ( n = 4) for protein analyses; WT ( n = 5), XO4 − 5xFAD ( n = 7), XO4 + 5xFAD ( n = 7) for RNA analyses.

Article Snippet: The cell pellet was then stained with antibodies to microglial cell surface markers (CD11b-BV650, 1:200 Biolegend, #141723; CD45-BV786, 1:200, BD Biosciences #564225; CX3CR1-FITC, 1:100, Biolegend, #149019; CD11a, 1:20, BD Biosciences, #558191, TREM2-APC, 1:10, R&D Systems, #FAB17291N; CD33-PE, 1:20, eBioscience, #12-0331-82; CD115-BV711, 1:40, Biolegend, #135515) for isolation using the FACSAriaTM III cell sorter.

Techniques: Immunofluorescence, Injection, Staining, Isolation, Comparison, RNA Sequencing, Cytometry, Expressing, Quantitative Proteomics, Data-independent acquisition, Transformation Assay, Quantitation Assay

Journal: Nature Communications

Article Title: Transcriptional signature in microglia associated with Aβ plaque phagocytosis

doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-23111-1

Figure Lengend Snippet: a PCA of 893 single cells (6 m WT = 243 cells, 24 m WT = 121 cells, 6 m 5xFAD XO4 − = 95 cells, 6 m 5xFAD XO4 + = 434 cells; m, month) and 1671 feature genes showing the distribution of cells from each FACS-sorted sample. PC, principal component. b PCA plot of single microglia coloured by single cell consensus (SC3) clusters and composition of automated clusters as a percentage of sequenced FACS-sorted cell populations. c PCA plots for single microglia coloured by expression of selected ageing microglia genes (i-ii), homeostatic (iii) and signature genes associated with XO4 + microglia (iv-v). min = 0 for all genes, Defa17 max = 4.77 , Defa24 max = 7.41 , Crybb1 max = 4.13 , Cst7 max = 5.47 , Ccl3 max = 4.89. d , e Diffusion maps pseudotime analysis of microglial populations ordered by their expression of ( d ) ageing DEGs (24 m WT vs 6 m WT, 42 DEGs) or ( e ) phagocytic DEGs (6 m 5xFAD XO4 + vs 6 m 5xFAD XO4 − , 474 DEGs). f Scatter plot showing the relationship between ageing and phagocytosing pseudotime in individual cells, and the density of cells at each point during the ageing (bottom) and phagocytosing (left) trajectories. g Hierarchical clustering and heatmap showing expression of the top 50 DEGs across the 4 SC3 clusters.

Article Snippet: The cell pellet was then stained with antibodies to microglial cell surface markers (CD11b-BV650, 1:200 Biolegend, #141723; CD45-BV786, 1:200, BD Biosciences #564225; CX3CR1-FITC, 1:100, Biolegend, #149019; CD11a, 1:20, BD Biosciences, #558191, TREM2-APC, 1:10, R&D Systems, #FAB17291N; CD33-PE, 1:20, eBioscience, #12-0331-82; CD115-BV711, 1:40, Biolegend, #135515) for isolation using the FACSAriaTM III cell sorter.

Techniques: Expressing, Diffusion-based Assay

Journal: Nature Communications

Article Title: Transcriptional signature in microglia associated with Aβ plaque phagocytosis

doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-23111-1

Figure Lengend Snippet: a – c UMAP projection of single microglia nuclei from control and AD patient entorhinal and frontal cortex samples, combined by integrating data from – , comprising 102 patients; AD ( n = 5891 microglia nuclei), mild AD ( n = 1591 microglia nuclei), controls ( n = 2988 microglia nuclei), Other Dementia ( n = 3 microglia nuclei) and TREM2 R62H variant ( n = 1458 microglia nuclei). Clustering and analysis of signature scores is performed using Seurat v3. UMAP projection is coloured by ( a ) study of origin, ( b ) Seurat cluster and ( c ) XO4 + score. d Box plots for gene signature scores in each human microglial cluster for the AD vs Trem2KO AD signature, AD vs WT signature , DAM vs homeostatic, and DAM2 vs DAM1 signatures . The lower, middle and upper hinges represent the lower quartile, median and upper quartile, respectively, while the upper and lower whiskers extend ±1.5 times of the interquartile range from the hinges. For each signature score category, pairwise Wilcoxon test between each cluster and base mean was computed. Multiple testing was corrected for using Bonferroni correction. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001, **** p < 0.0001, exact p values are provided in the Source data. e The proportion of cells in Clusters 10 and 11 in patients with any cells in Cluster 10 or Cluster 11, respectively (please see Supplementary Fig. for sample size details), grouped according to disease status and/or TREM2 genotype ( * p = 0.047, Wilcoxon Test with No AD as reference). The lower, middle, and upper hinges represent the lower quartile, median and upper quartile, respectively, while the upper and lower whiskers extend ±1.5 times of the interquartile range from the hinges. f Cluster 10 and Cluster 11 DEGs relative to all other human microglia clusters (adjusted p -value < 0.05). Genes of interest associated with XO4 + microglia are highlighted in red. g Heatmap of enriched KEGG pathways in the human microglial Seurat clusters, coloured by log 2 (-log 10 (adjusted p -value)). h Fluorescently labelled synaptosome internalization by human primary microglia treated with AF647-labelled fAβ. The data are mean ± SEM of 3 independent biological replicates and are expressed as fold change in synaptosome internalization relative to non-treated microglia. Differences are reported between AF488-fAβ + and AF488-fAβ − cells tested from within the same well. i Histograms showing fluorescence intensity of HIF1A intracellular staining in AF488-fAβ + and AF488-fAβ − human primary microglia assayed from within the same well. Secondary antibody control cells are stained with AF647 secondary antibodies alone. j Fluorescently labelled synaptosome internalization by primary microglia transfected with GFP-tagged inducible HIF1A and/or ELF3 overexpression constructs. The data are the mean ± SEM of 5 independent biological replicates and are expressed as fold change in synaptosome internalization between GFP + and GFP − (non-transfected) cells tested from within the same well. * p = 0.0188, *** p = 0.0002 by two-way ANOVA and Sidak’s multiple comparison test on the raw synaptosome internalization percentages.

Article Snippet: The cell pellet was then stained with antibodies to microglial cell surface markers (CD11b-BV650, 1:200 Biolegend, #141723; CD45-BV786, 1:200, BD Biosciences #564225; CX3CR1-FITC, 1:100, Biolegend, #149019; CD11a, 1:20, BD Biosciences, #558191, TREM2-APC, 1:10, R&D Systems, #FAB17291N; CD33-PE, 1:20, eBioscience, #12-0331-82; CD115-BV711, 1:40, Biolegend, #135515) for isolation using the FACSAriaTM III cell sorter.

Techniques: Control, Variant Assay, Fluorescence, Staining, Transfection, Over Expression, Construct, Comparison

Journal: Anesthesiology

Article Title: Contribution of the Chemokine (C-C Motif) Ligand 2 (CCL2) to Mechanical Hypersensitivity after Surgical Incision in Rats

doi: 10.1097/aln.0b013e3181d3d978

Figure Lengend Snippet: Fig. 4. Representative images of phosphorylated p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p-p38 MAPK) labeling (A, D, and G) and Cd11b (OX42; B, E, and H) in the ipsilateral dorsal spinal cord of sham-operated (A, B, and C) and incision rats treated with 10 ng control immunoglobulin G (IgG) (D, E, and F) or 10 ng anti-chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2) IgG (G, H, and I) rats 2 days postoperatively (2 dpo) after plantar incision. Rats received a single acute administration of anti-CCL2 IgG (10 ng) on day 1 after plantar incision. High-power confocal images show colocalization of p-p38 MAPK (red) and OX42 (green). Increased levels of cytoplasmic p-p38 MAPK in OX42 immunoreactive microglia of incision rats treated with control IgG compared with sham-operated rats (F compared with C) and incision rats treated with anti-CCL2 IgG (F compared with I). Fluorescent images in panels A, B, D, E, G, and H were inverted in Photoshop (Adobe Systems Inc., San Jose, CA) and converted to grayscale to enhance contrast. Scale bars in G and H 75 m and scale bar in I 5 m.

Article Snippet: For double immunofluorescence labeling, sections were incubated with a mixture of primary antibodies, rabbit anti– p-p38 MAPK (1:500, Cell Signaling Technologies, Danvers, MA) antibody and mouse monoclonal antibody, against the microglial-specific cell surface receptor CD11b (clone OX42,1:250, Serotec Ltd, Raleigh, NC) overnight at 4°C.

Techniques: Labeling, Control

Journal: Communications Biology

Article Title: A previous hemorrhagic stroke protects against a subsequent stroke via microglia alternative polarization

doi: 10.1038/s42003-022-03621-4

Figure Lengend Snippet: a Leukocytes were first gated from the FSC/SSC plot. Microglia were identified among leukocytes as CD45 + CD11b + cells. Significant elevation of CD16/32 + CD206 − cells (M1 microglia) was seen in both groups on day 3, but the previous stroke group had a concomitant elevation in CD206 + CD16/32 − cells, (M2 microglia) which the control group did not have. On day 5, both groups were presenting CD16/32 and CD206 markers, yet the percentage of CD206 + CD16/32 − cells continued to be significantly higher in the previous stroke group, whereas CD16/32 + CD206 − cells continued to be lower. b Left graph displaying the calculated percentage of CD45 + CD11b + , CD16/32 + CD206 − cells at each time point, representing the M1 microglia. Right graph displaying the calculated percentage of CD45 + CD11b + , CD206 + CD16/32 − cells at each time point, representing M2 microglia ( n = 7 on each day). Both M1 and M2 levels returned to baseline levels in the sham and mini-stroke only groups before the major hemorrhagic stroke took place on day 0 (Gray lines; n = 4 on each day). Error bars indicate SEM. * p < 0.05 ** p < 0.01. c Simultaneous expression of CD163 and CD206 revealed a near-identical percentage of double-positive cells each day, further verifying the M2 polarization profile. d qPCR analysis of in vivo samples. Mice were sacrificed on days 1, 3, 5, and 7. The right peri-hematomal region was obtained for mRNA extraction and analysis. TNF-α was elevated earlier in the previous stroke group but reached a much higher peak in the control group on day 5. iNOS was continuously more elevated in the control group. CD206 was elevated on day 5 in the previous stroke group but stayed low within the control group. Arginase-1 levels rose on day 3 within the previous stroke group but stayed low within the control group ( n = 4 on each day). Error bars indicate SD. The results of the qPCR analysis were not statistically significant.

Article Snippet: Non-specific staining was blocked by 1% BSA for 1 h, followed by incubation with primary antibodies against microglia surface marker CD11b (1:100 Cell Signaling, Danvers, MA, USA), M2 marker CD163 (1:120 Cell Signaling) for 2 h at 4 °C.

Techniques: Control, Expressing, In Vivo, Extraction

Journal: BMC Neuroscience

Article Title: Detailed immunohistochemical characterization of temporal and spatial progression of Alzheimer's disease-related pathologies in male triple-transgenic mice

doi: 10.1186/1471-2202-9-81

Figure Lengend Snippet: Microglial staining patterns modulate as a function of age in the 3xTg-AD mouse hippocampus . Coronal mouse brain sections (30 μm) were prepared from 3xTg-AD mice sacrificed at 2 ( A, I, Q ), 3 ( B, J, R ), 6 ( C, K, S ), 9 ( D, L, T ), 12 ( E, M, U ), 15 ( F, N, V ), 18 ( G, O, W ), and 26 months of age ( H, P, X ) and were processed for immunohistochemistry using the F4/80 monoclonal antibody to detect brain-resident microglia/macrophages. CA1 hippocampal sections at Bregma -1.8 mm ( A–H ), at Bregma -2.5 mm ( I–P ), and at Bregma -2.8 mm ( Q–X ), were examined for regional and temporal patterns of F4/80 immunopositivity and photomicrographs were obtained at 10×. The inset in panel X represents a 40× digitally magnified image of the photomicrograph for better visualization of stained cell morphology. Scale bar in D represents 200 μm.

Article Snippet: The following antibodies were used at the designated working dilutions: anti-amyloid precursor protein A4, corresponding to the NPXY motif of hAPP, (Clone Y188; AbCam, Cambridge, MA, 1:750); anti-hAPP/amyloid-beta reactive to amino acid residue 1–16 of beta-amyloid (6E10; Covance, Berkeley, CA; 1:1000); anti-amyloid beta 1–42 clone 12F4 reactive to the C-terminus of beta-amyloid and specific for the isoform ending at amino acid 42 (Covance/Signet, Berkeley, CA, 1:1000); anti-amyloid beta 1–42 polyclonal antibody for intracellular amyloid-beta staining (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, formerly Biosource, Hopkinton, MA 1:1000); anti-human tau HT7, reactive to residues 159 to 163 (Pierce, Rockford, IL; 1:200); anti-human phosphorylated tau AT180, specific for htau phosphorylated at the Thr231 residue (Pierce, Rockford, IL; 1:200); anti-human phosphorylated tau PHF-1 (gift from Dr. Peter Davies, Albert Einstein College of Medicine; 1:30); anti-glial fibrillary acidic protein GFAP (Dako Cytomation, Glostrup, Denmark; 1:1000); and an antibody specific for the microglial/monocytic cell surface marker F4/80 (AbD Serotec, Raleigh, NC; 1:500).

Techniques: Staining, Immunohistochemistry

Journal: BMC Neuroscience

Article Title: Detailed immunohistochemical characterization of temporal and spatial progression of Alzheimer's disease-related pathologies in male triple-transgenic mice

doi: 10.1186/1471-2202-9-81

Figure Lengend Snippet: Entorhinal cortex microglial and astrocytic staining patterns evolve on a similar timescale as observed in the 3xTg-AD hippocampus . Coronal mouse brain sections (30 μm) were prepared from 3xTg-AD mice sacrificed at 2 ( A, I ), 3 ( B, J ), 6 ( C, K ), 9 ( D, L ), 12 ( E, M ), 15 ( F, N ), 18 ( G, O ), and 26 months of age ( H, P ) and were processed for immunohistochemistry to detect activated microglia using an anti-F4/80 specific monoclonal antibody ( A–H ) and astrocytes using an anti-GFAP specific monoclonal antibody ( I–P ). Entorhinal cortex was examined for patterns of immunopositivity and photomicrographs were obtained at 10×. The insets in panels H and P represent 40× digitally magnified images of designated photomicrographs for better visualization of immunopositive cells. Scale bar in D represents 200 μm.

Article Snippet: The following antibodies were used at the designated working dilutions: anti-amyloid precursor protein A4, corresponding to the NPXY motif of hAPP, (Clone Y188; AbCam, Cambridge, MA, 1:750); anti-hAPP/amyloid-beta reactive to amino acid residue 1–16 of beta-amyloid (6E10; Covance, Berkeley, CA; 1:1000); anti-amyloid beta 1–42 clone 12F4 reactive to the C-terminus of beta-amyloid and specific for the isoform ending at amino acid 42 (Covance/Signet, Berkeley, CA, 1:1000); anti-amyloid beta 1–42 polyclonal antibody for intracellular amyloid-beta staining (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, formerly Biosource, Hopkinton, MA 1:1000); anti-human tau HT7, reactive to residues 159 to 163 (Pierce, Rockford, IL; 1:200); anti-human phosphorylated tau AT180, specific for htau phosphorylated at the Thr231 residue (Pierce, Rockford, IL; 1:200); anti-human phosphorylated tau PHF-1 (gift from Dr. Peter Davies, Albert Einstein College of Medicine; 1:30); anti-glial fibrillary acidic protein GFAP (Dako Cytomation, Glostrup, Denmark; 1:1000); and an antibody specific for the microglial/monocytic cell surface marker F4/80 (AbD Serotec, Raleigh, NC; 1:500).

Techniques: Staining, Immunohistochemistry

Journal: BMC Neuroscience

Article Title: Detailed immunohistochemical characterization of temporal and spatial progression of Alzheimer's disease-related pathologies in male triple-transgenic mice

doi: 10.1186/1471-2202-9-81

Figure Lengend Snippet: Amygdala-resident microglial and astrocytic staining patterns evolve on a similar timescale as observed in the 3xTg-AD hippocampus . Coronal mouse brain sections (30 μm) were prepared from 3xTg-AD mice sacrificed at 2 ( A, I ), 3 ( B, J ), 6 ( C, K ), 9 ( D, L ), 12 ( E, M ), 15 ( F, N ), 18 ( G, O ), and 26 months of age ( H, P ) and were processed for immunohistochemistry to detect activated microglia using an anti-F4/80 specific monoclonal antibody ( A–H ) and astrocytes using an anti-GFAP specific monoclonal antibody ( I–P ). Amygdala was examined for patterns of immunopositivity and photomicrographs were obtained at 10×. The insets in panels H and P represent 40× digitally magnified images of designated photomicrographs for better visualization of immunopositive cells. Scale bar in D represents 200 μm.

Article Snippet: The following antibodies were used at the designated working dilutions: anti-amyloid precursor protein A4, corresponding to the NPXY motif of hAPP, (Clone Y188; AbCam, Cambridge, MA, 1:750); anti-hAPP/amyloid-beta reactive to amino acid residue 1–16 of beta-amyloid (6E10; Covance, Berkeley, CA; 1:1000); anti-amyloid beta 1–42 clone 12F4 reactive to the C-terminus of beta-amyloid and specific for the isoform ending at amino acid 42 (Covance/Signet, Berkeley, CA, 1:1000); anti-amyloid beta 1–42 polyclonal antibody for intracellular amyloid-beta staining (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, formerly Biosource, Hopkinton, MA 1:1000); anti-human tau HT7, reactive to residues 159 to 163 (Pierce, Rockford, IL; 1:200); anti-human phosphorylated tau AT180, specific for htau phosphorylated at the Thr231 residue (Pierce, Rockford, IL; 1:200); anti-human phosphorylated tau PHF-1 (gift from Dr. Peter Davies, Albert Einstein College of Medicine; 1:30); anti-glial fibrillary acidic protein GFAP (Dako Cytomation, Glostrup, Denmark; 1:1000); and an antibody specific for the microglial/monocytic cell surface marker F4/80 (AbD Serotec, Raleigh, NC; 1:500).

Techniques: Staining, Immunohistochemistry

Journal: BMC Neuroscience

Article Title: Detailed immunohistochemical characterization of temporal and spatial progression of Alzheimer's disease-related pathologies in male triple-transgenic mice

doi: 10.1186/1471-2202-9-81

Figure Lengend Snippet: Primary motor cortex microglial and astrocytic staining patterns evolve on a similar timescale as observed in the 3xTg-AD hippocampus . Coronal mouse brain sections (30 μm) were prepared from 3xTg-AD mice sacrificed at 2 ( A, I ), 3 ( B, J ), 6 ( C, K ), 9 ( D, L ), 12 ( E, M ), 15 ( F, N ), 18 ( G, O ), and 26 months of age ( H, P ) and were processed for immunohistochemistry to detect activated microglia using an anti-F4/80 specific monoclonal antibody ( A–H ) and astrocytes using an anti-GFAP specific monoclonal antibody ( I–P ). Primary motor cortex was examined for patterns of immunopositivity and photomicrographs were obtained at 10×. The insets in panels H and P represent 40× digitally magnified images of designated photomicrographs for better visualization of immunopositive cells. Scale bar in D represents 200 μm.

Article Snippet: The following antibodies were used at the designated working dilutions: anti-amyloid precursor protein A4, corresponding to the NPXY motif of hAPP, (Clone Y188; AbCam, Cambridge, MA, 1:750); anti-hAPP/amyloid-beta reactive to amino acid residue 1–16 of beta-amyloid (6E10; Covance, Berkeley, CA; 1:1000); anti-amyloid beta 1–42 clone 12F4 reactive to the C-terminus of beta-amyloid and specific for the isoform ending at amino acid 42 (Covance/Signet, Berkeley, CA, 1:1000); anti-amyloid beta 1–42 polyclonal antibody for intracellular amyloid-beta staining (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, formerly Biosource, Hopkinton, MA 1:1000); anti-human tau HT7, reactive to residues 159 to 163 (Pierce, Rockford, IL; 1:200); anti-human phosphorylated tau AT180, specific for htau phosphorylated at the Thr231 residue (Pierce, Rockford, IL; 1:200); anti-human phosphorylated tau PHF-1 (gift from Dr. Peter Davies, Albert Einstein College of Medicine; 1:30); anti-glial fibrillary acidic protein GFAP (Dako Cytomation, Glostrup, Denmark; 1:1000); and an antibody specific for the microglial/monocytic cell surface marker F4/80 (AbD Serotec, Raleigh, NC; 1:500).

Techniques: Staining, Immunohistochemistry